Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) create a direct communication pathway between the brain and external devices. By recording neural activity (using EEG, electrocorticography, or implanted electrode arrays) and decoding the user's intended actions or communications, BCIs can enable paralyzed individuals to control cursors, robotic arms, or communication devices. BCIs represent the intersection of neuroscience, engineering, and cognitive psychology.
Types and Applications
Non-invasive BCIs (using EEG) are safer but have lower signal quality and decoding accuracy. Invasive BCIs (using implanted electrode arrays) provide higher-quality signals enabling more precise control. The BrainGate system has enabled paralyzed patients to control computer cursors and robotic arms by decoding motor cortex activity. P300-based spellers use attentional ERP signals to enable communication. Motor imagery BCIs decode imagined movements for device control.
BCIs raise fascinating questions for cognitive psychology. They demonstrate that neural activity can be decoded to reveal cognitive states, intentions, and perceptions. They require understanding of neural coding, motor planning, and attentional processes. They also raise ethical questions about mental privacy, cognitive enhancement, and the boundaries between mind and machine. As BCI technology improves, these questions will become increasingly pressing.